Liquidity in Financial Markets Explained
Basics
Measuring the health of a market can be achieved through different methods such as analyzing trading volume, volatility, and technical indicators. However, one more critical factor that cannot be overlooked is liquidity. In an illiquid market, executing trades can be challenging and may lead to a significant price impact. On the other hand, a market with high liquidity offers greater trading opportunities and ensures that price movements are reflective of market forces rather than trade execution difficulties. Let’s explore the concept of liquidity and its significance.
Liquidity explained
Liquidity refers to how easy and fast assets can be converted to other assets without affecting their price. Thus the speed and ease at which an asset can be bought or sold determine its liquidity. Assets with good liquidity can be bought or sold quickly and easily without significantly affecting their price. Conversely, assets with bad or low liquidity are challenging to buy or sell, and transactions can significantly impact their price.
Cash or cash equivalents are the most liquid assets since they can be easily converted into other assets. Stablecoins are a similar asset in the world of cryptocurrencies and are very liquid since much of the volume in the cryptocurrency market is done in stablecoins. On the other hand, real estate, exotic cars, or rare items are relatively illiquid since buying or selling them can be challenging. Tangible assets are generally less liquid than digital assets since there are additional expenses involved, and the transaction may take time to complete.
In the context of digital exchange and crypto, buying or selling assets is relatively simple. However, liquidity here is also a spectrum, with stablecoins being the most liquid and unpopular cryptocurrencies being the least liquid assets.
Traditional liquidity can be categorized into two types: accounting liquidity and market liquidity.
Accounting Liquidity
In the context of business and balance sheets, accounting liquidity refers to the company's ability to pay its current liabilities and short-term debts using its cash flow and current assets. In other words, it's a measure of the ease with which a company can pay its bills.
Market Liquidity
Market liquidity determines how easily assets can be traded at fair prices, which are those that closely reflect the intrinsic value of the asset. Intrinsic value, in this context, refers to the price at which a seller is willing to sell (ask) and a buyer is willing to buy (bid). Therefore, the bid-ask spread is the quantifiable amount of difference between these two values.
The Bid-Ask Spread
Traders use the bid-ask spread to gauge the liquidity of a market. This spread is the difference between the highest bid and lowest ask. Liquid markets have a small bid-ask spread, indicating that inconsistencies in price are continually brought back to balance by traders. Conversely, large bid-ask spreads indicate an illiquid market, with a large discrepancy between what buyers want to pay and what sellers want to receive.
The bid-ask spread is also useful for arbitrage traders who aim to exploit small differences repeatedly. While this activity generates a profit for the traders, it also benefits the market by reducing the bid-ask spread. Consequently, other traders also benefit from better trade execution.
Arbitrage traders also help to prevent significant price discrepancies between the same market pairs on different exchanges. Thanks to their efforts, the BTC price remains roughly the same on the largest, most liquid exchanges. Arbitrage traders identify small differences between prices on various exchanges and profit from them.
Why Is Liquidity Important?
The significance of liquidity cannot be overstated, especially in the context of cryptocurrencies. Despite being digital assets, not all cryptocurrencies have good liquidity due to differences in trading volume and market efficiency.
Some markets have high trading volumes amounting to billions of dollars, while others only have a few thousand. As a result, many cryptocurrencies besides Bitcoin and Ethereum face a severe lack of liquidity in their markets. For traders, this is particularly important when dealing with altcoins. Investing in an illiquid coin can make it difficult to exit the market at the desired price, leaving traders with undesirable outcomes. Therefore, it is often advisable to trade assets with higher liquidity.
Trading a large order in an illiquid market can also result in slippage. Slippage occurs when the trade is executed at a price that differs significantly from the intended price due to insufficient orders in the order book. While limit orders can help circumvent this problem, they may not fill.
Furthermore, liquidity can fluctuate widely under different market conditions, such as during a financial crisis, when market players rush to cover their financial obligations and short-term liabilities, resulting in a significant impact on liquidity.
Conclusion
Liquidity is a crucial factor to consider when analyzing the health and efficiency of a market. Liquidity can be affected by different factors, including trading volume, market efficiency, and the bid-ask spread. It is important to note that not all digital assets have good liquidity, and trading in illiquid markets can lead to undesirable outcomes for traders. Thus, it is advisable to trade in markets with higher liquidity to ensure better trade execution. Finally, it is essential to keep in mind that liquidity can fluctuate significantly under different market conditions, highlighting the importance of being aware of current market conditions.