Understanding the Market Dynamics of OPEC+ Impact on Global Oil Prices
OPEC and its expanded version, OPEC+, collectively control a substantial portion of the global oil supply and reserves, which gives them significant influence over oil prices. However, their ability to control prices is limited by various factors, including differing incentives among member nations and market dynamics.
Basics
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and OPEC+ are powerful entities in the world of oil production and pricing. OPEC is an alliance of some of the world's largest oil-producing countries, while OPEC+ includes non-OPEC oil-exporting nations as well. As of 2021, OPEC+ collectively controls about 40% of global oil supplies and more than 80% of proven oil reserves. This dominant position enables them to have a considerable influence on the global oil price, at least in the short term.
OPEC+ and Global Oil Prices
OPEC+ member countries work together to determine the collective oil production, which directly impacts the global oil supply. Controlling the supply allows them to influence and maintain relatively high oil prices to maximize profits. If oil prices are unsatisfactory, member countries may reduce supply to drive prices up. However, this action conflicts with their desire to increase revenue through higher production.
Market dynamics dictate that a reduction in supply by OPEC+ results in an immediate oil price spike, which may later revert to a lower level when supply remains largely unchanged or when demand adjusts. Conversely, OPEC+ can choose to increase supply to boost revenue, with countries like Saudi Arabia and Russia favoring this approach. However, nations operating at full capacity or restricted from production increases may oppose this strategy.
In the end, the equilibrium between supply and demand determines oil prices, while OPEC+ announcements can temporarily affect market expectations. Their influence weakens as new oil production emerges from outside sources, such as the United States and Canada.
Impact on Inflation
Fluctuations in oil prices have a significant impact on inflation, particularly through the Producer Price Index (PPI) which measures wholesale prices, compared to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) reflecting consumer prices. However, the U.S. economy's decreasing dependence on oil has reduced the overall impact of oil prices on inflation.
OPEC+ and the 2020 Oil Crisis
In March 2020, Saudi Arabia and Russia, two major players in the global oil market, failed to reach an agreement with OPEC+. Their inability to cut production during the 2020 COVID-19 crisis led to Saudi Arabia significantly increasing its oil production. This sudden supply surge occurred at a time when global oil demand was plummeting due to the pandemic. Ultimately, market forces prevailed, and the price of oil followed supply and demand dynamics.
During the spring of 2020, oil prices collapsed due to the economic slowdown caused by the pandemic. OPEC and its allies had to implement historic production cuts to stabilize prices, but they still dropped to nearly 20-year lows. This episode emphasized the supremacy of market forces over any cartel, especially in free markets, and highlighted how individual nations' agendas can override the collective decisions of OPEC+.
Brent crude oil fell below $20 per barrel in April 2020, a level not seen since 2001, and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil dropped to around $17 per barrel, a level last witnessed in 2002.
Oil Price Recovery and OPEC+ Influence
As pandemic-related restrictions eased worldwide, oil prices started to recover alongside increasing demand. WTI prices, which had fallen to less than $17 per barrel in the spring of 2020, rebounded to over $80 by October 2021. The situation changed dramatically when Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, causing oil prices to soar, with WTI prices exceeding $115 per barrel by June. These developments reflected the market's concerns about the stability of oil supplies during geopolitical conflicts.
Despite ongoing geopolitical tensions, oil prices started to stabilize in the latter half of 2022. WTI prices decreased to around $100 per barrel by July, as fears of a global recession raised questions about global oil demand. In response, OPEC+ announced a production cut of 2 million barrels per day to counter the declining prices, despite opposition from the U.S., where President Biden criticized these production cuts as "shortsighted."
The effectiveness of OPEC+'s production cuts in reversing or slowing the decline in oil prices remains uncertain. Ongoing concerns about a global recession may overshadow the potential impact of the production cutbacks on supply. Nonetheless, the recent turmoil in the oil markets serves as a prime example of how OPEC+ wields its influence over prices and how this influence ripples through the global economy.
Conclusion
OPEC and its extended version, OPEC+, leverage their significant market position to exert a strong influence over global oil prices. However, their capacity to control prices in the long term is constrained by the diverse long-term objectives of member countries and the rise of oil production from nations outside the coalition.